Перевод и анализ слов искусственным интеллектом ChatGPT
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- этимология
Что (кто) такое renal - определение
![date=June 2022}} •
13. [[Nephron]] •
14. [[Renal sinus]] •
15. [[Major calyx]] •
16. [[Renal papilla]] •
17. [[Renal column]]
</div>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/KidneyStructures PioM.svg?width=200 "date=June 2022}} •
13. [[Nephron]] •
14. [[Renal sinus]] •
15. [[Major calyx]] •
16. [[Renal papilla]] •
17. [[Renal column]]
</div>")
![The [[nephron]], shown here, is the functional unit of the kidneys. Its parts are labelled except the (gray) ''connecting tubule'' located after the (dark red) distal convoluted tubule and before the large (gray) collecting duct (mislabeled ''collection'' duct).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Kidney Nephron.png?width=200 "The [[nephron]], shown here, is the functional unit of the kidneys. Its parts are labelled except the (gray) ''connecting tubule'' located after the (dark red) distal convoluted tubule and before the large (gray) collecting duct (mislabeled ''collection'' duct).")
![A depiction of [[peritoneal dialysis]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Peritoneal dialysis.jpg?width=200 "A depiction of [[peritoneal dialysis]].")
![Four main processes are involved in the creation of [[urine]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Physiology of Nephron.png?width=200 "Four main processes are involved in the creation of [[urine]].")
![trunk]] with positions of the organs. The kidneys are at the [[vertebral level]] of T12 to L3.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Surface projections of the organs of the trunk.png?width=200 "trunk]] with positions of the organs. The kidneys are at the [[vertebral level]] of T12 to L3.")
![Normal adult right kidney as seen on [[abdominal ultrasound]] with a pole to pole measurement of 9.34 cm.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Right kidney seen on abdominal ultrasound.jpg?width=200 "Normal adult right kidney as seen on [[abdominal ultrasound]] with a pole to pole measurement of 9.34 cm.")
![A [[CT scan]] of the abdomen showing the position of the kidneys. The left cross-section in the upper abdomen shows the [[liver]] on the left side of scan (right side of body). Center: cross-section showing the kidneys below the liver and spleen. Right: further cross-section through the left kidney.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CTscankidney.jpg?width=200 "A [[CT scan]] of the abdomen showing the position of the kidneys. The left cross-section in the upper abdomen shows the [[liver]] on the left side of scan (right side of body). Center: cross-section showing the kidneys below the liver and spleen. Right: further cross-section through the left kidney.")
![Cross-section through a [[cadaver]]ic specimen showing the position of the kidneys.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Left kidney.jpg?width=200 "Cross-section through a [[cadaver]]ic specimen showing the position of the kidneys.")
Википедия
The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about 12 centimetres (4+1⁄2 inches) in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; blood exits into the paired renal veins. Each kidney is attached to a ureter, a tube that carries excreted urine to the bladder.
The kidney participates in the control of the volume of various body fluids, fluid osmolality, acid–base balance, various electrolyte concentrations, and removal of toxins. Filtration occurs in the glomerulus: one-fifth of the blood volume that enters the kidneys is filtered. Examples of substances reabsorbed are solute-free water, sodium, bicarbonate, glucose, and amino acids. Examples of substances secreted are hydrogen, ammonium, potassium and uric acid. The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Each adult human kidney contains around 1 million nephrons, while a mouse kidney contains only about 12,500 nephrons. The kidneys also carry out functions independent of the nephrons. For example, they convert a precursor of vitamin D to its active form, calcitriol; and synthesize the hormones erythropoietin and renin.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized as a leading public health problem worldwide. The global estimated prevalence of CKD is 13.4%, and patients with kidney failure needing renal replacement therapy are estimated between 5 and 7 million. Procedures used in the management of kidney disease include chemical and microscopic examination of the urine (urinalysis), measurement of kidney function by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the serum creatinine; and kidney biopsy and CT scan to evaluate for abnormal anatomy. Dialysis and kidney transplantation are used to treat kidney failure; one (or both sequentially) of these are almost always used when renal function drops below 15%. Nephrectomy is frequently used to cure renal cell carcinoma.
Renal physiology is the study of kidney function. Nephrology is the medical specialty which addresses diseases of kidney function: these include CKD, nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, acute kidney injury, and pyelonephritis. Urology addresses diseases of kidney (and urinary tract) anatomy: these include cancer, renal cysts, kidney stones and ureteral stones, and urinary tract obstruction. The word “renal” is an adjective meaning “relating to the kidneys”, and its roots are French or late Latin. Whereas according to some opinions, "renal" should be replaced with "kidney" in scientific writings such as "kidney artery", other experts have advocated preserving the use of renal as appropriate including in "renal artery".
